Business Analysis Millicom Stakeholder Report - 1741 Words

Millicom Stakeholder Report 1.0 Introduction The unprecedented growth in trade, investment and technology over the last 50 years has led to the economic, political and cultural integration of the world that today we recognise as globalisation. The accelerated rate at of this process is having overwhelming consequences in the life of individuals, organisations, countries and the environment. Likewise, these forces are leading to a change in people’s sense of belonging, adding an additional sense of responsibility for mankind and the planet as a whole. Business is no exception. Corporations have a crucial role and responsibility in today’s society. As the power of the nation state is increasingly in decline, the influence of businesses is only expanding and intensifying. Companies and their decisions have a profound impact on communities, individuals and the environment. Therefore, these organisations must assume a significant responsibility in today’s globalised society. As Bryan Horrigan (2010) explains, businesses â€Å"not only must be engaged with their stakeholders but are themselves stakeholders alongside governments and civil society. International business leaders must fully commit to sustainable development and address paramount global challenges† (p.53). The following stakeholder report will concentrate on one of the world’s leading international and media companies, Millicom International Cellular, evaluating its impact and policies towards society and theShow MoreRelatedSwot2538 Words   |  11 PagesBusiness Management , Individual Assignment 1 C.P.U.T. Short Course in Supply Chain Management 3/19/2015 George Wilson | Table of contents | Index Number | Table of content | 1 | Objective | 2 | Overview | 3 | Vodacom’s Vision and Values | 4 | SWOT Analysis based on Vodacom | 5 | Resource allocation in Vodacom | 9 | Leadership in Vodacom | 10 | Controls | 11 | Conclusion | 12 | Glossary | 13 | Objective This assignment focuses on the practical application

Animal Farm Russian Revolution Analysis Free Essays

Russian Revolution and Animal Farm Image a brutal Communist Soviet revolution. Now imagine a group of barnyard animals who free themselves from humans in an effort to be free, and rule themselves. In the well-renowned fable Animal Farm by George Orwell the Old Major’s Dream, the construction(s) of the windmill and Napoleon himself are all symbolic representations of the Russian Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Farm Russian Revolution Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Old Major’s Dream blatantly represents Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto. Orwell simplified the basic ideas of Marx’s Manifesto into Major’s dream. Major states that humans are the only species that consume without producing and animals must overthrow them which is relevant to Marx’s main idea, that capitalists collected all the profit from the worker’s profit, and he suggested they overthrow the capitalists if they wanted to be more successful. Old Major’s dream also represents the Manifesto the way he ends his speech. Marx ends the Manifesto with commanding the workers to unite, while Old Major ends his speech with commanding his comrades to rebel, both were advocating change. Orwell clearly portrayed Marx’s Manifesto in the story by allegorizing through Old Major’s dream. Another even that directly represented the Russian Revolution was the construction(S) of the windmill, and it represented the conflict between Stalin and Trotsky. Trotsky wanted to continue to spread the revolution, while Stalin wanted to focus on establishing communism in the newly attained Russian countries. This dispute really caused a division, with people following certain sides. In Animal Farm Napoleon felt it was unnecessary to build the windmill and suppressed it, while Snowball promoted it, which divided the Farm. Once Napoleon realized that Snowball’s promotion could have an impact, he exiled him from the farm, as did Stalin to Trotsky. Once their rival had been exiled, they continued to build the windmill and Communism. The decision whether or not to build the windmill represented the decision whether or not to spread Communism, the windmill symbolized Communism. In Animal Farm, the character Napoleon symbolizes Stalin himself. Napoleon acted as an allegory of Stalin, mirroring many of the actions he made. For example, Stalin exiled Trotsky and Napoleon got rid of Snowball, Stalin removed many other opponents and then adopted some of their ideas similarly Napoleon who eliminated Snowball but took his idea of building the windmill, both had a serious of purges where they murdered many traders and such, both were very harsh to their workers with Stalin and collectivization which lead to a huge famine and Napoleon with reduced rations, and they both were deceived, Stalin by Germany and Napoleon by Mr. Federick. Orwell adequately portrayed Stalin as Napoleon which is evident due to all these similarities. Old Major’s dream represented the Communist Manifesto, the construction of the windmill represented the feud amongst Trotsky and Stalin, and Napoleon represents Stalin. The author brilliantly allegorized features of the Russian Revolution into a fable consisting of barn animals, and each individual animal’s supposed personality fit well. â€Å"Animal Farm† is a direct symbol of the Russian Revolution. How to cite Animal Farm Russian Revolution Analysis, Papers

Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites? Answer: Introduction Rising global population, dwindling natural resources and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are some of the issues that have resulted to more emphasis on use of environmental friendly and efficient materials and processes[1]. As a result for this, the need for sustainable development cannot be overemphasized and it has led to numerous inventions and advances in engineering field[2]. The main goal of these developments is to make use of renewable, sustainable and recyclable materials so as to protect the environment for the benefits of present and future generations. Green composites are some of the sustainable and environmentally friendly materials that have been discovered and developed over the recent years and have huge potential of improving environmental conservation. By definition, green composites are a type of biocomposites where natural fibers are used to reinforce a biodegradable (bio-based) polymer resin or matrix. In this context, biocomposite is a composite material co mprising of a resin (matrix) and natural fiber reinforcement. Therefore green composites are materials comprising of at least two different green materials. Green is used to mean that the materials are environmental friendly and have high resource efficiency. The structure of green composites usually bears a resemblance to that of living materials from which they are made of. This is useful in improving the properties of the green composites, protecting them against mechanical damage and environmental degradation, and improving their performance. There are various kinds of natural fibers used in making green composites. Some of the commonly used natural fibers include: jute, cotton, hemp, flax, sisal, bamboo, banana, ramie, pineapple, coir (coconut), oil palm, kenaf, saw dust and soft wood, among others[3]. Each of these natural fibers have unique physical and mechanical properties, including density, Youngs modulus, tensile strength, elongation or strain, rupture stress, fracture toughness, water absorption, etc., which make them suitable for different applications[4]. As a result of this, it is important for designers and engineers to determine the precise properties of green composites before establishing their appropriate applications[5]. This requires them to perform relevant tests on the materials so as to determine their properties[6]. These natural fibers also have ecological and techno-economic advantages over most of the synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon fiber[7]. Their advantages over conventional synthetic fibers have led to emergence of numerous applications in different industries[8]. As environmental issues continue to be of great concern across the world, development and application of green composites is expected to expand[9]. The physical, mechanical and chemical properties of green composites have made them rapidly accepted by aerospace, automotive and transportation, construction, energy, military, healthcare and packaging industries, among others. These materials are being produced and used all over the world. In 2015, the global market for natural fiber was more than US$3.5 billion. Currently, the biggest market for green composites is Asia Pacific followed by North America and Europe. Many governments are also promoting use of green composites as a strategy to reduce carbon emissions. Thus as global awareness about environmental concerns intensifies, production and use of green composites are also expected to continue increasing over the coming years[10]. Therefore any study conducted to gather information about green composites is worthwhile. Interdiction This report will discuss different aspects of green composites, including: classification of green composites, properties and advantages of green composites, manufacturing processes of green composites, applications of green composites and challenges and/or issues of green composites. This will be done by using experimental methodology where a green composite panel will be made using different manufacturing methods and its mechanical properties (including Youngs modulus, strain, rupture stress, etc.) determined. Once these properties are determined, it will be easier to establish the impact of manufacturing method on mechanical properties and quality of the green composite panel and its suitable applications. Classification of green composites based on reinforcement Green composites are usually classified based on the type of reinforcement from which they are made. Brief descriptions of various classes of green composites are provided below Fibrous composites These are green composites that comprise of a matrix or resin and natural fibers (reinforcement). The fibers are embedded in a matrix to achieve the desired physical, mechanical and chemical properties for the intended application of the green composite[11]. Continuous fiber composites These are a class of single layered fibrous composites comprising of long fiber reinforcement. Orientation of the long fibers can be in one direction, forming uni-directional green composites, or the long fibers can also be woven to form bi-directional green composites. Discontinuous fiber composites These are a class of single layered fibrous composites comprising of short fiber reinforcement. The orientation of the short fibers can either be random or preferred. Particulate composites These are composites whose reinforcement is in form of particles. The particle reinforcement in the matrix can have a preferred or random orientation. Filler composites These are composites that are filled with a supplementary material in addition to the main fiber reinforcement. In filler composites, the percentage of main reinforcement is always greater than that of filler material. The type of filler materials that are commonly used for improving properties and performance of matrix materials are particle fillers. Flake composites These are composites comprising of fiber reinforcement that is in form of chips or flakes. The geometry of the flakes is usually two dimensional (2D) and they mainly have a sizeable thickness. Laminated composites These are a class of multi layered fibrous composites comprising of fiber reinforcement in form of mat embedded within the matrix. Orientation of the fiber reinforcing mat can be random, unidirectional or woven (bi-directional). Hybrid composites These are a class of multi layered fibrous composites comprising of at least two types of fiber reinforcements that are embedded within the matrix. Orientation of reinforcing materials in hybrid composites can be random, unidirectional or woven (bi-directional). Hybrid composites are created for the purpose of manipulating characteristics of resulting composite based on the specific application requirement. Attributes and advantages of green composites The mechanical, physical and chemical properties of green composites depend on various factors such as type of materials (matrix and reinforcement) that are used to make the green composite, proportion of these materials, compatibility between the matrix and fibre and the processing or manufacturing method that is used to create the green composites[12]. This makes it possible to manipulate these properties so as to achieve the most desirable properties for the intended application. For instance, properties of green composites made from modified soy flour resin and ramie fibers[13] will be different from those made from virgin cotton and garneted fiber yarn. For this reason, exact properties of green composites, such as density, tensile strength, elongation or strain, Youngs modulus, rupture stress, toughness and water absorption, can only be determined after the composites have been manufactured and subjected to relevant tests for analysis. This is because each natural fiber and mat rix material has its own strengths and weaknesses in terms of properties[14]. The properties determined helps in establishing the most appropriate application of the green composites and their behavior when exposed to different conditions[15]. As stated before, the green composites can be modified to improve their mechanical properties, processability and machinability, thermal properties and moisture resistance thus making them suitable for use in industries such as aerospace and automotive[16]. Natural fibers Natural fibers have some drawbacks and limitations when used as reinforcement materials in green composites. Some of these drawbacks and limitations include: they are hydrophilic; cannot withstand temperatures above 200C, hydrophilic fibers have very low compatibility with hydrophobic matrices; they are short; and some of their properties are affected by external factors such as method of harvesting and climate[17]. The natural fibers consist of polar groups such as hydroxyl. When they are combined with nom-polar groups, such as those of matrices that are hydrophilic in nature, the natural fibers end up absorbing water resulting to poor wettability of matrices and incompatibility[18]. This results to poor bonding, making failure of the green composite inevitable. Therefore natural fibers usually have to be modified before they can be used to make green composites. There are two main categories of methods used to modify natural fibers. The main objective of these modifications is to eliminate surface contamination on the natural fibers and improve contact or compatibility between them and matrices. The modification methods are categorized into physical modification and chemical modification. Physical modification involves changing the surface and structural properties of natural fibers. Examples of physical modification methods are: surface fibrillation, corona, plasma and barrier techniques, among others. Chemical modification usually entails developing a compatible hydrophobic coating on the fillers surface before the natural fiber is mixed with the matrix. In most cases, coupling agents are used to enhance transfer of stress between the matrix and natural fiber. These coupling agents perform two functions: to react with hydroxyl groups present in natural fibers cellulose and react with the matrixs functional groups. Examples of coupling agen ts commonly used are reactive chemistries (also called functional modifiers) and surface-active agents. Matrix materials There are two main categories of matrix materials: thermoplastics and thermosets. The chemical crosslinking of thermosets makes it impossible to melt them once they are cured. However, mechanical properties of thermoplastics are generally good. The transition temperature of most thermoplastics is usually low resulting to low stiffness and high brittleness. The thermoplastics do not have chemical crosslinking making them easy to re-melt, reshape and manufacture. Examples of thermoset polymers that are commonly used include polyester, vinylester and epoxies while commonly used thermoplastics include polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene. Advantages The popularity of green composites is rapidly increasing across various sectors mainly because of the exceptional properties and potential benefits of these materials[19]. Some of the advantages of green composites are as follows: Wide-ranging properties and applications: there are various kinds of natural fibers and matrix materials, each with unique properties. Natural fibers are acquired from varied natural sources. The properties of these materials are influenced by factors like climate, plant location, crop variety, soil quality, seed density, fertilization, harvest timing and location of fiber on the plant, among others[20]. Matrix materials also have different properties. When these materials are combined, they create green composites with wide-ranging mechanical, physical and chemical properties that are suitable for a variety of applications such as in construction, automotive, aerospace, military, healthcare, electronics and energy sectors. Non-toxicity: natural fibers used in making green composites are typically non-toxic[21], which reduces their environmental impacts throughout their lifecycle. Several studies have shown that natural fibers have far less heavy metals, carcinogenic substances and human toxins than synthetic fibers such as glass fiber. Therefore green composites have near zero toxicity hence harmless to humans and ecosystems. Low cost: natural fibers cost is generally lower than that of synthetic fibers[22]. However, most biopolymers and matrix materials cost more than synthetic fibers. One of the techniques that manufacturers are using to lower the overall production cost of green composites is increasing the ratio of natural fibers to matrix materials. It is also worth noting that processing and treatment techniques needed to improve properties of green composites add extra production cost. Thus one way that manufacturers of these products are applying to lower production costs is by developing more efficient production, processing and treatment technologies and processes. Renewability: green composites comprise of natural materials (matrix materials and reinforcement) that are mainly obtained from plants, which are renewable and sustainable resources. These plants are planted annually and therefore availability of raw materials for green composites is unlimited. Low energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions: environmental impacts of materials are very essential nowadays mainly because of the global change concern. Materials with less embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions are always the best choice for any application. Generally, treatment and processing of natural fibers and production of green composites consume less energy and generate a smaller amount of carbon emissions than synthetic composites. This makes green composites environmental friendly alternatives to synthetic composites. Biodegradability: biodegradable materials are those that degrade completely by being acted upon by living organisms. All natural fibers are biodegradable meaning that they degrade and turn into useful organic matter or compost that can be used for agricultural activities. Some matrix materials are biodegradable while other are non-biodegradable. If a green composite has a biodegradable matrix, it can be disposed of through composting hence helping in minimizing waste disposal problems. But if the green composite is made of non-biodegradable matrix, it can only be disposed of through landfilling or incineration. Therefore in countries where manufacturers are held responsible for the products they make throughout their lifecycle, green composites with biodegradable matrix are largely used as a strategy for mitigating environmental impacts related to waste disposal. Abundance: natural fibers, which are a major component of green composites, are natural resources whose available is unlimited. These resources can be found anywhere making them applicable worldwide. Infinite availability also reduces the cost of natural fibers and hence green composites. Lightweight: the density of natural fibers is relatively low compared with that of synthetic fibers[23]. This makes green composites more suitable for use in automotive, transportation, sports, electronics and aerospace industries that require lightweight components for greater performance and efficiency. Abrasiveness: green composites are less abrasive than synthetic composites[24]. This reduces wear and tear of tools and equipment used in production and repair of products made from green composites[25]. It also makes them easy to process. Recyclability: green composites can also be recycled at the end of their lifespan and be put into other uses. Recycling and reusability of these composites helps in reducing environmental impacts in addition to other economic and social benefits. Methods of manufacturing green composites Green composites can be manufactured using a variety of techniques. These techniques have varied requirements, advantages, limitations and drawbacks. Some of the manufacturing methods of green composites include: In this technique, raw materials (i.e. fiber reinforcements and matrices/resins) are combined in an open mould and remain exposed to air when they are curing or hardening[26]. There are three main processes of open moulding: spray-up, filament winding and hand lay-up. Hand lay-up: this is the simplest, least expensive and commonest type of open moulding methods. In this method, a spray gun is used to apply a gel coat on the mould followed by placing fiber reinforcements into the mould by hand. A paint roller, spray or brush is then used to apply laminating resins or matrix material on the fiber reinforcements. Successive layers of fiber reinforcements are then added by hand to create the desired laminate thickness. Spray-up: this process is also known as chopping. The process starts by using a spray gun to apply a gel coat on the mould. A chopper gun is them used to inject fiber reinforcements on the mould that are then laminated by matrix using another chopper gun. This is followed by adding extra coatings of chop laminate until attaining the desired thickness. The process is suitable for making transportation components, tanks, boats, shower units and bathtubs of different sizes and shapes. Filament winding: this is an automated process of open moulding. The mould used in this process is rotating mandrel. The process starts by using a resin bath to feed continuous constituent roving that is then coiled on the mandrel. There is a trolley on which the roving feed runs. The filament is then placed in preset geometric configuration so as to obtain maximum strength in the desired orientation. After applying sufficient layers, curing of the laminate on the rotating mandrel is done followed by stripping the moulded part from the mandrel. Closed moulding In this technique, raw materials (i.e. fiber reinforcements and matrices/resins) are combined inside a vacuum bag or two-sided mould. Closed moulding processes are mostly automated and are performed by special equipment hence suitable for large scale production of green composites. Some of the closed moulding techniques are discussed below. Vacuum bag moulding: in this process, a release film (matrix) is placed over the natural fiber laminate then on top of it is placed a bleeder layer of a material that is able to absorb excess matrix from the laminate. Another bleeder layer of the same material is placed on top of the previous layer then a vacuum bag is secured on top of the whole assembly. Thereafter pressure is extracted from the vacuum bag allowing atmospheric pressure to be exerted on the bag thus eliminating excess resin and entrapped air and compacting the laminate. This also increases the percentage of natural fiber and enhances adhesion between the fiber and matrix. Vacuum infusion processing: this process starts by placing dry fiber reinforcement in the mold, including laminate, then placing a pricked release film on top of the dry reinforcement. A flow media comprising of a fold layer or coarse mesh is positioned then a pricked pipe is put in place for resin distribution on the laminate. This is followed by placing and sealing the vacuum bag around the perimeter of the mould. A tube connection between the resin vessel and vacuum bag is then used to apply a vacuum to combine the laminate and pull the resin into the mould. Resin transfer moulding: the process starts by placing dry reinforcement in a closed mould followed by pumping the resin at high pressure through the mould. The process is time consuming and labour intensive but has less emissions and can produce complex components. Compression moulding: in this process, a mould is fixed in a mechanical or hydraulic moulding press then it is heated to a predetermined temperature[27]. Fiber reinforcement and resin with a balanced charge are put in the open mould followed by closing of the moulds two halves then applying pressure. The moulding material is then allowed to cure for a length of time determined by shape, size and thickness of the composite. After curing, the mould is opened followed by removing the finished component. This method is suitable for making automobile, electrical, structural, housing and furniture components. Continuous lamination: here, resin and fiber reinforcement are combined on a plastic film drawn through the lamination process followed by applying a second film over the resin and reinforcement to facilitate proper mixing and air exclusion. The composite is then transferred to an oven for curing. If panels are the ones being produced, they can be automatically cut and trimmed to the desired dimensions. Imprinted carrier films can also be used to create special effects on the components surface. Pultrusion: This technique entails filling fiber reinforcement in a resin basin then using a strong tractor apparatus to pull it via a steel die. The reinforcement gets consolidated with the steel die which also adjusts the composite shape and ratio of fiber to resin. The resin is then cured rapidly by heating the steel die. Centrifugal casting: in this method, resin and fiber reinforcements are placed in a rotating mould and held there by centrifugal force until the component is adequately cured. The external surface of the component gets cured against the moulds internal surface. Reinforced reaction injection moulding: in this method, fiber reinforcements are used to improve resins properties. The process starts by metering at least two reactive resins which are then mixed under extreme pressure to create a thermosetting polymer. The polymer is injected into a coated and cured mould from the two sides under low pressure then reinforcement is added for polymerization to take place. Autoclave bonding This process uses an autoclave, a pressure vessel that regulates vacuum and pressure temperature conditions. The green composite of fiber reinforcement and resin is placed on the mould followed by placing a vacuum bay on top of it. Air is then emptied from the vacuum forcing the bag to collapse on the composite. The assembly is then moved into the autoclave for the resin to cure under accurately controlled conditions. Rapid prototyping This is the latest method of manufacturing green composites. It is a high-tech technique that is used for producing complex and high quality components. The method entails use of digital fabrication to manufacture components quickly and precisely[28]. Various rapid prototyping techniques used include: selective laser melting/sintering, laminated object manufacturing, ultrasonic consolidation, 3D printing, laser engineered net shaping and fused deposition modelling. Other methods manufacturing methods include: extrusion, thermoforming, melt mixing and solution casting. Applications of green composites Different areas where green composites are applied include: Automotive market has become very competitive worldwide. Players in the industry are using green composites because of their lightweight, good mechanical properties, great sound absorption, good formability and low embodied and carbon dioxide emissions. Green composites are being used for making different automobile components such as dashboards, headliners, trunk liners, door panels, rims, package trays and body panels, among others[29]. Automotive in this context includes trucks, vans, buses, passenger cars, recreational vehicles and sport utility vehicles[30]. Besides automobiles, green composites are also used in ships and trains. Aerospace Lightweight, strength, low cost and environmental friendliness are some of the major attributes of aircraft components. Green composites exhibit these attributes and that is why they have found wide-ranging applications in aerospace industry. They are used for making different aircraft components, which help in improving energy efficiency and reducing costs and carbon emissions[31]. Sports Most sporting equipment need to be strong, lightweight, resistant to vibration and safe. Green composites provide these very important properties and that is why they are widely used for making sporting equipment nowadays. Examples of sporting equipment made from green composites include: snow boards, tennis rackets, golf clubs, bicycle frames, boat hulls and archery bows, among others.[32]. Electronics Green composites are used to make a wide range of electronic and electrical equipment and appliances. These include circuit boards, electrical panels, mobile panels, mobile phones, etc. Healthcare Properties of green composites, including bioactivity, biodegradability and biocompatibility have made them better than synthetic composites in biomedical applications. Some of the applications of green composites in healthcare industry include: tissue engineering, implants, medical equipment and devices, etc. Construction Green composites have a wide range of applications in construction industry because of their high strength, corrosion resistance, low maintenance needs and light weight properties. They can be used for making structural components of buildings such as beams, columns and roofs. They are also used for decorative purposes (interior decorations), flooring, walls, partition purposes, insulation purposes, ceilings, doors, windows, panel rails, furniture, bathtubs, countertops, fireplace surrounds, shower receptors, kitchen products, fencing, decking, plumbing systems, etc. These uses reduce carbon emissions and costs of the buildings besides improving structural soundness, thermal comfort and aesthetic value of the building. Packaging Green composites are used for making packaging and other short lifespan items such as plastic cutlery and toys. Energy Green composites have also found applications in energy sector especially renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Because of low weight, low cost, high strength, high corrosion resistance and high toughness of green composites, these biocomposites are being used to make structural components of wind turbines and solar panels. Concerns related to green composites Green composites have numerous advantages over synthetic composites. However, there are some concerns that are hindering use of green composites. If these composites have to become reliable in use as structural components then the issues need to be resolved. The key concerns are: Properties disproportion: green composites are made of two or more different materials, usually a matrix or resin and natural fiber reinforcing material(s). The natural fiber reinforcing materials are usually obtained from different sources and therefore they exhibit significant variations in their characteristics and properties[33]. These variations can cause compatibility problems with matrix material thus affecting the properties of resulting green composites created. As a result of this, there is need to perform statistical analysis[34] on each green composite created so as to know their exact properties before use[35]. In general, variability in properties of natural fibers makes it difficult to rely on green composites in structural uses where component failure is intolerable. End-life disposal: all natural fibers are biodegradable hence their end-life disposal is easy. Most matrix materials are bio-based but not all of them are biodegradable. If green composites are made of non-biodegradable polymer matrix, they cannot be disposed of through composting hence causing waste disposal problems. The non-biodegradable materials can only be disposed via landfilling or incineration, which have negative impacts on the environment. Water absorption: cellulose is the main substance contained in most natural fibers[36]. This substance is highly hydrophilic and causes wettability and compatibility problems when natural fiber is combined with matrix materials that are hydrophobic. Finished green composites made of natural fibers experience swelling that causes surface roughening, delamination and loss of material strength and other mechanical properties. Therefore natural fibers have to be treated[37] through chemical modifications[38] or physical modifications so as to improve their properties by reducing water absorption capability. Poor durability: durability of green composites is generally limited because their largest percentage of materials are biodegradable. Growth of bacteria and fungi in natural fibers degrades green composites and this worsens when these composites are exposed to environmental conditions such as moisture and weathering. Some of the degradations include resin cracking, colour fading, black spots, fibrillation and bulging. Thus mechanical properties and durability of green composites reduces significantly as a result of exposure to the environment[39]. The composites must be treated appropriately so as to mitigate rapid deterioration. Degradation at higher temperatures: natural fibers start degrading when exposed to temperatures above 200 C. This significantly limits the range of processing methods and applications of green composites. Methodology This research will be completed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The chosen methodology to complete this research is experimental method, which is a scientific method that is appropriate for testing and observing scientific hypothesis. In the context of this research, making a green composite and determining its mechanical properties is a scientific process, which makes experimental method suitable for this research. Experimental method allows the researcher to control the variables of the tests being carried out. In this case, there are different types of green composites hence the researcher will be able to determine the type of green composites by selecting their materials (i.e. type of natural fiber and matrix/resins). This methodology also allows the researcher to make the same green composite panel using different manufacturing methods. As a result, the researcher can establish the relationship between the manufacturing method and mechanical properties and quali ty of green composite panel produced. Once the manufacturing method is identified, its standardized measures and procedures will be followed to make the green composite panel. The panel will then be subjected to relevant tests so as to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The data will be systematically analyzed so as to establish the actual mechanical properties of the green composite panel and match them with their most suitable applications. The following is the general procedure of the experimental methodology that will be used in this research: identifying and defining the research problem; reviewing important literature; identifying mechanical properties to be determined; selecting manufacturing method to be used; constructing appropriate experimental design; carrying out the experiment; collecting raw data; analyzing collected data qualitatively and quantitatively; and presenting finding and conclusions. Conclusion Increased awareness about environmental issues such as global climate change has significantly contributed to rapid development and use of green composites. This report was about discussing different aspects of green composites, including: classification, mechanical properties, advantages, manufacturing processes, applications and challenges and/or issues of green composites. The report has also discussed the methodology (experimental methodology) that will be used to complete the research. The data collected from this methodology will be systematically analyzed so as to determine various mechanical properties of the green composite panel and establish its most suitable application. References Akampumuza, O. et al., A review of the applications of bio composites in the automotive industry, Polymer Composites, 2016, pp. 1-46. Baek, B. et al., Development and application of green composites: using coffee ground and bamboo flour, Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 21, no. 3, 2013, pp. 702-709. Birat, K.C., Pervaiz, M., Faruk, O., Tjong, J. and Sain, M., Green composite manufacturing via compression molding and thermoforming, in Manufacturing of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, 2015, Cham (ZG), Switzerland, Springer International Publishing. Chard, J.M. et al., Green composites: sustainability and mechanical performance, Jeju Island, Korea, 18th International conference on Composite Materials, 2011. Composites Lab, Open molding, https://compositeslab.com/composites-manufacturing-processes/open-molding/, 2016 (accessed 24 September 2017). Dicker, M.P.M. et al., Green composites: A review of material attributes and complementary applications, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 56, 2014, pp. 280-289. Dittenberg, D.B. and GangaRao, H.V.S., Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 43, 2012, pp. 1905-1915. Faruk, O. et al. Progress report on natural fiber reinforced composites, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, vol. 299, no. 1, 2014, pp. 9-26. Fazita, M.R.N. et al., Green composites made of bamboo fabric and poly (lactic) acid for packaging applications A review, Materials (Basel), vol. 9, no. 6, 2016, pp. 435. Georgis, K., Silva, A. and Furtado, S., Applications of green composite materials, in Biodegradable Green Composites, 2016, Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Jawaid, M., Salit, M.S. and Alothman, O.Y., Green biocomposites: design and applications, New York City, Springer, 2016. John, M.J. and Anandjiwala, R.D., Recent developments in chemical modification and characterization of natural fiber-reinforced composites, Polymer Composites, vol. 29, 2008, pp. 187-207. Kalia, S., Kaith, B.S. and Kaur, I., Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites a review, Polymer Engineering Science, vol. 49, 2009, pp. 1253-1272. Kamble, Z.B., An overview of green composites, https://textilelearner.blogspot.co.ke/2013/08/green-composite-manufacturing-process.html, 2013, (accessed 23 September 2017). Kim, H.J., Lee, H.J., Chung, T.J., Kwon, H.J., Cho, D. and Tze, W.T.Y., Applications and future scope of green composites, in Polymer Composites, 2013, Weinheim Germany, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. Kim, J.T. and Netravali, A.N., Mechanical, thermal, and interfacial properties of green composites with ramie fiber and soy resins, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 58, no. 9, 2010, pp. 5400-5407. Koronis, G., Silva, A. and Fontul, M., Green composites: A review of adequate materials for automotive applications, Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 44, no. 1, 2013, pp. 120-127. Lei, Z. et al., Interfacial micromechanics in fibrous composites: design, evaluation, and modes, The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014, pp. 1-9. Mantia, F.P.L. and Morreale, M., Green composites: A brief review, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 42, no. 6, 2011, pp. 579-588. Masoodi, R. and Pillai, K.M., A study on moisture absorption and swelling in bio-based jute-epoxy composites, Journal of Reinforced Plastic Composites, vol. 31, 2012, pp. 285-294. Mishra, R., Behera, B. and Militky, J., Recycling of textile waste into green composites: Performance characterization, Polymer Composites, vol. 35, no. 10, 2014, pp. 1960-1967. Mukhopadhyay, S. and Fangueiro, R., Physical modification of natural fibers and thermoplastic films for composites a review, Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, vol. 22, no. 2, 2009, pp. 135-162. Nadali, E. et al., Natural durability of a bagasse fiber/ polypropylene composite exposed to rainbow fungus (Coriolus versicolor), Journal of Reinforced Plastic Composites, vol. 29, 2009, pp. 1028-1237. Nadya, P., Rapid prototyping of green composites, Masters Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. Pamuk, G., Natural fibres reinforced green composites, Tekstilec, vol. 59, no. 3, 2016, pp. 237-243. Pickering, K.L., Efendy, M.G.A. and Le, T.M., A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 83, 2016, pp. 98-112. Ramamoorthya, S.K. et al., A review of natural fibers used in biocomposites: plant, animal and regenerated cellulose fibers, Polymer Reviews, vol. 55, pp. 107-162. Ribeiro, M.C.S. et al., Recycling approach towards sustainability advance of composite materials industry, Recycling, vol. 1, 2016, pp. 178-193. Satyanarayana, K.G., Recent developments in green composites based on plant fibers-preparation, structure property studies, Journal of Bioprocessing Biotechniques, vol. 5, no. 2, 2015, pp. 1-12. 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The Weather Underground Essay Example

The Weather Underground Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on The Weather Underground specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Weather Underground specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Weather Underground specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Weather Underground The film, Weather Underground, is a 2002 documentary based on the American radical organization, The Weathermen. The film, based on real life events characterizing the American political system narrated the ascent and descent of the organization employing the use of archived footage from 1969. Directed by Bill Siegel and Sam Green, the documentary explored the lives of a few young people waging war against the United States Government, who would eventually be inaugurated from college activists to the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s most wanted. Reactions to the film Centered on a political theme, the Weather Underground elicited various but profound reactions. At a time where the United States government was largely involved in the Vietnam War, most Americans were aware of the violence that escalated but could not do anything about the bloodshed. Negative rejoinders were centered on criticizing the group’s violent tactics oninnocent government officials asserting that the youth carried out politics that was misguided. Furthermore, negative reactions stemmed because of the revelries the youth engaged in at college such as sex and drugs asserting that the youth were idle and thus wanted action. However, some reactions praise the efforts of the Weathermen. Most of the reactions deem them as the pioneers of activism and American revolutionaries addressing the repressive tactics of the government to silence the discontentment of the American citizens. Political Views The main theme of the film was on politics. The documentary, though portraying the lives of the Weathermen in 1969, addressed the polarization of the political situation in America between the 1960s and the 1970s. The schism was becoming more acute characterized by the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement, which pressed the government. Such strong issues led to the creation of various youth political movements such as the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) who utilized peaceful protest methods to protest against the Vietnam War. The movements also protested against the role of the United States government in addressing racism because it was profound at that time, especially against the African American community. Furthermore, the movements criticizing the government eventually portrayed the dictatorial side of the government, which used law enforcement agencies such as the police to suppress the efforts of the activists. Storyline The documentary focuses on the lives of a group of college activists bent on addressing the government’s involvement in the Vietnam War and the repression of the Civil Rights Movement. Such issues led to the rise of youth movements who employed peaceful protest techniques to address the political issues. However, some factions of the movements found it ineffective to express peaceful dissent against the government. This notion eventually led to the separation of a group of college activists from the youth political movement, SDS, who advocated for the use of extremist approaches, which the government could not risk ignoring. The group, which would later become known as the Weathermen, joined together with another extremist group, The Black Panthers, and begun participating in street riots and even proceeded to bombing buildings and further planning to bomb government representatives. Eventually, the group became most wanted according to the FBI, undergoing violent suppression tactics and eventually being forced to go underground. The Weathermen will continue being emulated in America’s political history as the voice of a distressed nation. Presently, people are able to form movements that criticize the government without ear of suppression once they express dissent. Furthermore, the group indirectly raised awareness on the privileges and rights accorded by the United States Constitution such as the freedom of association, which at that time the government censored. Without such influential movements, activism and democracy would be devoid of the United States.

Free Essays on Richard Allen

Richard Allen,the founder and first Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was born a slave on February 14, 1760 on the Benjamin Chew estate. Deeply religious from an early, age, Allen was converted at the age of 17. He began preaching in 1780 and was ordained in 1799. Through thrift and industry, he and his brother worked at night to pay for their freedom. Despite his lack of formal medical training, Allen was a noted "Bleeder", the equivalent of our present day surgeons. Dr. Benjamin Rush, a leading physician of the time and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, gave praise to Bishop Allen for his services during the Black Plague in 1793 which took the lives of thousands of Philadelphians. In 1791 Allen established what was known as the Blacksmith Shop Meeting House when he purchased an abandoned blacksmith shop forma man named Sims and moved it to a plot of ground on 6th Street between Lombard and Pine Streets. This building was dedicated as a church in 1794 by Bishop Francis A. Asbury of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From July 1805, Allen conducted services in the "Roughcast Church". This had been the first brick church erected on American soil by people of color. The African Methodist Episcopal denomination was organized in Philadelphia in 1816. Richard Allen was consecrated as its first Bishop at the General Conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 10, 1816. In 1841 the red brick church was built to replace the old roughcast one, and remained in use until the present church (dedicated in 1890) was erected in its place on the original plot of groung. Allen was an organizer of the Free African Society, a group that fostered self-help and self-dependence. He established day and night schools, and was co-organizer of the first Masonic Lodge among colored men in Pennsylvania, African Lodge 459 in Philadelphia. From 1797 to his death on March 26, 1831, Allen operated a station on ... Free Essays on Richard Allen Free Essays on Richard Allen Richard Allen,the founder and first Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was born a slave on February 14, 1760 on the Benjamin Chew estate. Deeply religious from an early, age, Allen was converted at the age of 17. He began preaching in 1780 and was ordained in 1799. Through thrift and industry, he and his brother worked at night to pay for their freedom. Despite his lack of formal medical training, Allen was a noted "Bleeder", the equivalent of our present day surgeons. Dr. Benjamin Rush, a leading physician of the time and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, gave praise to Bishop Allen for his services during the Black Plague in 1793 which took the lives of thousands of Philadelphians. In 1791 Allen established what was known as the Blacksmith Shop Meeting House when he purchased an abandoned blacksmith shop forma man named Sims and moved it to a plot of ground on 6th Street between Lombard and Pine Streets. This building was dedicated as a church in 1794 by Bishop Francis A. Asbury of the Methodist Episcopal Church. From July 1805, Allen conducted services in the "Roughcast Church". This had been the first brick church erected on American soil by people of color. The African Methodist Episcopal denomination was organized in Philadelphia in 1816. Richard Allen was consecrated as its first Bishop at the General Conference in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 10, 1816. In 1841 the red brick church was built to replace the old roughcast one, and remained in use until the present church (dedicated in 1890) was erected in its place on the original plot of groung. Allen was an organizer of the Free African Society, a group that fostered self-help and self-dependence. He established day and night schools, and was co-organizer of the first Masonic Lodge among colored men in Pennsylvania, African Lodge 459 in Philadelphia. From 1797 to his death on March 26, 1831, Allen operated a station on ...

Artificial Intelligence of Machines

The artificial field of research was first proposed in a conference in the year 1956 which was later proceed by different studies. The evolution of the artificial Intelligence can be found millennia ago with the development of the human civilization. In the dawn of 19 th century, William Paley first argued about the requirement of the intelligent designers which are needed for the development of the complex adaptive system. One of very first papers on the machine Intelligence names computing Machinery and Intelligence was written by the British mathematician Alan Turing (Turing, 1950). He started to research over the computable numbers and in the year 1937 he has proposed central limit theorem and wrote about the computable numbers where he has proposed the concept of universal machine. This was used by the British Intelligence in during the Second World War to break the German coded Messages. Successful completion of the artificial Intelligence we need two things, which are artifac ts and the intelligence (Negnevitsky, 2005). The computer is considered as artifacts and best equipment which can demonstrate the intelligence. The first operational modern computer was Heath Robinson in the year 1940; this was built by the team of Alan Turing’s team. In later years many vacuum tubes used Computers came into existence also some programmable computers like German Z-3 computers.   The first breakthrough was the IBM 701 which was the most successful General purpose digital computer. This computer became a successful invention in the decade and yielded billions of dollars as revenue for the IBM.   This led to the revolution in the computer industry and companies started to spend over the research on the most improved version of the computer system (Specter, 2006).   Generation based computer development led to the development of the more improved and developed computer system. The most improved version is the 5 th generation of computers which we are using nowadays and, this has the capability calculate a large number of algorithms at a time.   The development of the Software system can’t be ignored as this made a significant impact on the development of the Artificial Intelligence.   In a time frame, the evolution of the artificial Intelligence ranges from the year 1950 to 2015. 1950- Alan turning Turing published the first paper about the artificial Intelligence and stated the possibility of the machines with Intelligence.   Alan and team also introduce the first computer which they have used in World War 2 for decoding German messages.   This led to the invention of the Vacuum pipe based computer system (Russel, 2003). 1956-      John McCarthy first established the Artificial Intelligence research field in a conference. This was stated here and lead to the establishment of research field regarding the Artificial Intelligence. This conference was attended by many types of research. 1995- US department of defiance first used UAV in Balkan war. The predator drone was equipped with Artificial Intelligence system and this led to further development in this field.    1997 - IBM Deep blue AI system wins a chess match against world champion Gary Kasparov. 2011- Debut of Virtual personal assistance like SIRI and Cortana.   SIRI and CORTANA are two personal assistant robots which are developed by Apple Inc. and Microsoft   Corp. 2011 - IBM Watson computer defeats Jeopardy game show champion. Oct 2013 - Vicarious breaks any Captcha and passed the Turing test. Jan 2014 - Deep mind teams created a program which won the Atari Games. May 2015 - Google started the self-driven cars, which are considered as a revolution in human history.   This project is still in development phase and its considered as the next generation machine with Intelligence. Jun 2015 - Facebook detects launches moments which can detect faces and make a gallery with tagging the friends whom they know. The timeline describes the real changes which have occurred since the evolution of the Artificial Intelligence. As this is considered that artificial intelligence consists of developing human intelligence and rationality in the machines so we must talk about the human civilization development.    Artificial Intelligence exists in our day to day life, the spell checker which is used by the computers and automatic spelling correction are few examples which we can count. A machine with Artificial Intelligence or we can say that a machine with the self-thinking and analyzing ability is somewhat equal to the normal human being. We use SIRI in our day to day life for personal assistance; the SIRI is a personal assistant for us. This is a robot with own thinking ability and it's designed to solve our issues related to different dimensions. A mining robot goes into the deep ocean and explores the possibility of the existence of oil and minerals inside the sea surface which are a difficult task for a human being meanwhile NASA is extensively using robots with self-intelligence for the Space missions. Reasoning and Logic: This is considered as one of the basic needs of the Artificial Intelligence. This is considered as the inbuilt ability of the Artificial Intelligence, which means the machines can do reasoning and produce logic as we humans do.   Machines with intelligence are being used in a security system as well as in the defense program by the governments around the world. The present Black Hawk MK 2 predator drone which was developed by the US Department of Defense and this is being used for different purposes. The machines are programmed to do as a specific task which is assigned to do. The accuracy and the time efficiency are considered as major parts (Poole, 1998). Artificial intelligence and their application in our day to day life are increasing significantly. Nowadays with the greater research and development in the computer as well as in the software system is making it more users friendly and advanced.   AI is being used in the Games where the opponents are programmed and they can take own moves as per requirements.   Machine learning is another thing which can be seen in the artificial intelligence; robots are dancing over the music beats and giving expression. The same applies when robots are playing football like we play with certain moves. This defines the ability of machine learning; these machines are programmed so that they can do certain tasks with more accuracy and with more efficiency at less time (Bundy, 1980). In the 21 st century the computer system, as well as the software system, is developing at a greater pace which is considered as host and mind in the Artificial intelligence. The advantages of Artificial Intelligence: The disadvantages of the artificial intelligence: In this assignment, I have discussed the Artificial Intelligence. Artificial system is a revolutionary development in human history which consists of philosophy, behavior and the technological advancement generation by generations.   In this assignment, I conclude that Artificial Intelligence is an ongoing development in the present human generation which will define the future of the human-made technology. The present artificial Intelligence contains the roots from last 2000 years when human civilizations started to define the behavior and philosophy. I have also discussed the Evolution of the Computer system as well as the Artificial Intelligence; this was first started in 1951 by the British scientist Turing which is later preceded by different researchers and scientists. The evolution process also contains the development of the digital computer and the software. I have also mentioned the ability of the Artificial Intelligence, what this technology can do and where we are using this technology. The pros and cons are also stated in the assignment. These advantages and Disadvantages are something which is needed to be addressed properly. Especially, the impacts of the artificial Intelligence over the Human thinking and working ability. Being too much dependable over the artificial intelligence and technology will make us lazy and dependable over the technology. This will also affect our capabilities, so we need to address these issues to improve the situation which we may face. Crevier, Daniel (1993), AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence, New York, NY: BasicBooks McCorduck, Pamela (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd Nilsson, Nils (2009). The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements. New York: Cambridge University Press Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. New York: Oxford University Press Spector, (2012), Evolution of artificial intelligence, ELSEVIER Journal Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Charniak, D. McDermott, (1985), Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley Dean, J. Allen, Y. Aloimonos, (1995), Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Practice, Benjamin/Cummings, New York Lara, (2015), What Can Artificial Intelligence Do For Us? Retrieved from https://thegreatiproject.com/what-can-artificial-intelligence-do-for-us/ N.J. Nilsson, (1998), Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco Howe, J. (November 1994). "Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: a Perspective" Haugeland, John (1985). Artificial Intelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press Lohn, G.S. Hornby, D. Linden, An evolved antenna for deployment on NASA’s space technology 5 mission Yu, B. Worzel (Eds.), (2004) Genetic Programming Theory and Practice II, Springer, New York Poli, W.B. Langdon, (2006) Backward-chaining evolutionary algorithms, Artificial Intelligence P.H. Winston, (1984), Artificial Intelligence, second ed., Addison-Wesley A.M. Turing, (1992),   Intelligent machinery, in D.C. Ince (Ed.), Collected Works of A.M. Turing: Mechanical Intelligence, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam Abelson, H. and DiSessa, A. (1981). Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathematics. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Abramson, H., and Rogers, M.H. (Eds.) (1989). Meta-Programming in Logic Programming. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Value Creation In E-business in Xtra Company Case Study

Value Creation In E-business in Xtra Company - Case Study Example This is the project plan. The motivation for adopting IS Development is the improvement of efficiency, protecting market share, assisting in innovative activities, and increasing, productivity and profitability. (Wang et al, 2004; Pateli & Giagles, 2004). What the company is selling is a novelty item that catches the attention of Hollywood fans and moviegoers. What they only have to do is to be able to reach a wider market based and the moment that they can establish a wide market, they have to come up new means of reaching it. And the way to reach it is via eBusiness. The transition to eBusiness requires two important aspects of the internal aspect and the external aspect. In the internal aspect what is necessary are the following: effective individual, effective team and an effective organization. In the external aspect what is needed include the basic website, interactive website and e-commerce. These two aspects should converge for the plan to work (Arunatelika & Gigi, nd). Furthermore, of primary importance is the satisfaction of the customers.customers have greatly appreciated the personalized services that they have been receiving in the virtual market (Dubosson-Torbay et al, 2001). And Xtra Company cannot deviate from this trend, this current value creation in e-business (Ahmet & Zott, 2001). With all the important points laid down, the plan is simple, they are going to use the internet to sell their products. As such, they have to create the IT structure, the creation of an interactive website and e-commerce should be undertaken. But it is not only that, they should have good collaboration links with the suppliers, links with the distributor and definitely a good interactive website that can be accessed 24/7. Aside from that, they should have a strong IT infrastructure, Business systems, IT policies, IT security measures and IT maintenance. Likewise, they also have to establish a strong and effective organization who are made up of people who are h ighly motivated, of a team that shares the vision, goals and values of the company.  Ã‚  

Union Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Union Leadership - Essay Example The programs in the toolkit also offer guidance to workers (Melcher, 1992). The mandate of this action is to rescue the union from the worst depression that we are facing. The economic condition is deteriorating in an alarming rate therefore we risk facing retrenchment and rise in unemployment. I therefore urge all union workers to consider labor organization as a Political Action Committee to influence the outcome of the union. The reason why I have endorsed it is due to its flexibility and compatibility nature to accommodate the manifestos of our union. With all this I would like to ask you to elect me as the leader of the union. Having successfully contested and won a public office in my previous assignment and steering it to some outstanding achievement. I would like to given a chance to turn the tables round in this mantle. The position of women in union leadership has seen significant rise in the recent past. And it is now evident that women account for 37 percent for all trade unions under the umbrella of the International Labor Organization a key arm of the United Nation This field has however remained dominated by their male counterparts. Only two out of 95 unions in the AFL-CIO have women presidents. The increase of women leadership in the top national position has been very minimal over the past decade. Though there has been a major rise in women leadership in both local and regional levels they have not been able to find a ground to highlight their bargains and grievances to be heard (Swoboda, 1993). Unions have failed women in leadership since they reflect women’s problem at work places. This does not hinder the opportunities of women but also make them feel inferior hence they lack the morale to fight for top positions. The inclusion of women in top leadership in both local and national unions should be increased through unions accepting and paying attention to the growing

Criticism of Industrial England Essay Example for Free

Criticism of Industrial England Essay In Hard Times Charles Dickens criticizes several aspects of life among the lower classes working in factories in England during the nineteenth century. This paper will examine three of the subject Dickens condemns in Hard Times: Grandgrindism, the divorce laws in England at the time and bad education for children. Hard Times is set in Coketown, England. It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it . . . It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents* of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, . . . It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye (Dickens, 28). Coketown is typical of the industrialized factory towns that grew under the concept of Grandridnism, a term Dickens coined from a composite of popular philosophies of the day: utilitarianism, cutthroat capitalism, and self-interest among members of the upper classes. Dickens uses his character Stephen Blackpool to censure both the unions and the laws in England. Blackpool refuses to join the union that has formed in Coketown, consequently he is blackballed by the union and unable to find work even though he is an excellent worker. Here Dickens seems to be replacing one taskmaster, the company owners with another, the union, both of whom are more interested in their own interests than that of the workers. Blackpools troubles are increased because of his marriage. His wife went bad and took to drinking, left off working, sold the furniture, pawned the clothes, and played old Gooseberry (Dickens, 95). Unfortunately Blackpool is unable to get a divorce. To do so he would have to go to Doctors Common with a suit, and youd have to go to a court of Common Law with a suit, and youd have to go to the House of Lords with a suit, and youd have to get an Act of Parliament to enable you to marry again, and it would cost you (if it was a case of very plain sailing), I suppose from a thousand to fifteen hundred pound (Dickens, 99). Each of these tasks was beyond the means of Blackpool the combination of them was staggering. Clearly only the rich can get a divorce. When Blackpool expresses dismay at the legal requirements, Tis just a muddle atoogether, an the sooner I am dead, the better (Dickens, 99), he is chastised. Pooh, pooh! Dont you talk nonsense, my good fellow, said Mr. Bounderby, about things you dont understand; and dont you call the institutions of your country a muddle, or youll get yourself into a real muddle one of these fine Here Dickens is criticizing not only the divorce laws, but any laws that unfairly discriminate against the lower classes so much that they would rather die soon than have to live under the laws. Dickens disapproves of the education of the day with its emphasis on utility and absence creativity and concern for the individual student. You can only form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them. This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. Stick to Facts, Sir! (Dickens, 1). While Hard Times offers pertinent criticism of the living conditions of industrial workers in industrialized England, unfortunately Dickens fails to do is provide solutions for these problems. That is not to say his efforts were and are in vain. Change will only come after issues have been made known to the public at large and the ruling class in particular. Due to the increasing prosperity of people in the United States early in the twenty-first century it is difficult to identify with the characters in Hard Times. However its relevance is recently more significant as difficulties as an increasing amount of working conditions for factory workers in the third world reveals conditions similar to and even more harsh than those experienced by the people in Dickens novel. Hard Times is a valuable book for today just as it was when published. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Fall of Communism From Different Perspectives Essay -- History Analysi

When a major event takes place in history it is not surprising that many interpretations of these events will arise. As humans we tend to have different feelings and therefore different interpretations, especially on events that impact our lives and society. The fact that our judgments are different does not entail that either of our interpretations are wrong. Rather, it means that our different judgments can be combined in order to gain a new form of knowledge that envelops various points of view. This is the case with the interpretations of the groundbreaking fall of Communism that took place in eastern European countries in the late 20th century. The book The Magic Lantern is Timothy Garton Ash’s interpretation of the Revolutions of 1989 that took place in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin and Prague. Bonnie G. Smith offers a similar but distinct contemporary interpretation of the Revolutions of 1989 in her book Europe in the Contemporary World. Lastly, John K. Glenn’s †Å"Competing Challengers and Contested Outcomes to State Breakdown† offers his opinion about the events that led to a democratic Czechoslovakia. In Ash’s account of the fall of communism in Warsaw, Poland he focuses on the behind the scenes propositions and decisions that were pondered by organizations such as Poland’s Solidarity group. Ash had close relationships with the leaders of the Solidarity group. In describing their actions, he calls them his â€Å"friends† on numerous occasions and even describes instances when he spent times with individuals such as Jacek Kuron, who was the co-founder of the Worker’s Defense Committee. Ash reports that he â€Å"†¦had a drink with Jacek Kuron, who passed the time before his results came in by giving a hilarious account on his first trip t... ...at are not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings. Above all the combination of their work allows us to absorb information that envelops all their points of view which makes for a better understanding of the Revolutions of 1989. I dare say that ultimately that was the main goal of Timothy Garton Ash, Bonnie G. Smith and John K.Glenn. Works Cited †¢ Garton, Ash Timothy. The Magic Lantern: the Revolution of '89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague. New York: Random House, 1990. Print. †¢ Smith, Bonnie G. Europe in the Contemporary World, 1900 to the Present: a Narrative History with Documents. Boston: Bedford / St. Martin's, 2007. Print. †¢ Glenn, John K. "Competing Challengers and Contested Outcomes to State Breakdown: The Velvet Revolution." Social Forces 78.1 (1999): 187-211. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. .

Consider the theme of loneliness in the novel, Of Mice and Men Essay

n â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, John Stienbeck explores the theme of loneliness, set in the farmland of 1930’s California, where Stienbeck grew up. Stienbeck worked as a farm hand on his fathers land and so the countryside described at the beginning of the book, and a ranch itself would have been very familiar to Stienbeck. Characters described in the novel are lonely for different reasons depending on their social status. Age, Race and Sex are some of the reasons for characters loneliness, Stienbeck uses the novel to make these aware in society. George and Lennie are the main characters in the book; they are migrant workers, who are men that travel the countryside harvesting wheat for the farms and doing any other jobs they can find. The â€Å"Wall Street Crash† caused jobs to be scarce, during the 1930’s, when there was very unemployment in the United States. Agencies were set to send farm workers to where they were needed: â€Å"You remember about us goin’ into Murray and Ready’s, and they give us work cards†. They earned $2.50 or $3.00 a day, plus food and very basic accommodation. These sorts of people lived very lonely lives, as they migrated they had to pick up their roots and move on, on their own and so this what makes them lonely also it was much easer to get work for one-person rather than two or more. George and Lennie are total opposites. George is decribed as â€Å"small and quick, dark of face with restless eyes and sharp, strong fetures.† Lennie on the other hand is † a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes with wide, sloping sholders†. Stienbeck decribes Georges personality as careful and protective while Lennie seems to be rather stupid with a child’s mind. He’s very forgetful and likes to pet nice things with his finger’s â€Å"sof’ things†. George likes to be in charge of himself, and this is why he appreciates the time out under the stars where he can relax with his friend Lennie. Lennie however, enjoyes being with George and so the time under the stars is appreciated, but only because he’s with George. George and Lennie share share an special relationship like father and son where George helps Lennie with everything and looks after him. This is shown when George is talking to Slim about Weed: â€Å"We sat in an irrigation ditch â€Å". This shows how George takes risks to save Lennie. George sometimes gives the impression that he would rather have nothing to do with Lennie but it is clear that George actually depends on Lennie’s friendship, being with someone gives him something to live for unstead of just being a migrant worker: â€Å"I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you†, Lennie loves George because George looks after him, George being the only person who looks after him, George shows Lennie how to do things and gets food for them. George is in control as he does almost everything for Lennie: â€Å"I got three cans of beans in my bindle†. George and Lennie travel togeather although this is not usual and this is why they are not lonel y. Steinbeck introduces Candy, the old ranch hand into the novel as a â€Å"tall, stoop-shouldered old man†. Candy is kept on the farm as a janitor, he has one hand after he got the other one caught in a machine. He is not much use for anything and he knows this. Candy fears when he is to old to do anything that he will just get ‘canned’, which is why he buys into the friendship with George and Lennie. The only thing that motivates Candy is his old dog â€Å"gray of muzzle and with pale, blind old eyes†, which unfortunately is killed after Carlson decides not to put up with the smell and Candy is ganged up on to get rid of him; â€Å"If you want me to, I’ll put the old devil out of his misery right now†. The ‘American Dream’ is shared by George and Lennie who dream of the â€Å"little house and a couple of acres†. For American society as a whole, the dream ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Cinema is the last American dream for many. Curley’s wife is one: â€Å"Could have been in the movies, an’ had nice clothes†. Steinbeck describes Crooks with a â€Å"lean face lined with deep black wrinkles, and he had thin , pale-tightened lips†. Crooks lives in â€Å"a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn†. Crooks reserves the only right he has, â€Å"You got no right to come in my room†. However, when Lennie goes into Crooks’ room he relaxes and enjoys the company. Crooks’ job is a â€Å"Stable buck†, which means he tends the horses. He is the only black man in the novel and the other characters’ attitude towards him, shows the position of blacks in America at the time. Steinbeck describes Crooks’ past as a peaceful one. Crooks mentions this to Lennie: â€Å"The white kids came to play† â€Å"I went to play with them†. This shows that racism did not really affect him as he did not understand but his â€Å"ol’ man didn’t like that†. This shows how racism would affect his whole life. The scene in his shed, where it all appears that he is finally accepted for who he is, the reality comes back when Curley’s wife says, â€Å"listen Nigger† â€Å"I could get you strung up†. Because Crooks is black, he is forced to spend his time reading books: â€Å"Books ain’t no good† â€Å"A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody†. Curley’s wife is the only woman on the ranch; she cannot escape from the sexual image that the men have of her. She, therefore, uses this image as a means of getting noticed. She has â€Å"full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. When George and Lennie first meet Curley’s wife George describes her as â€Å"jail bait†. Steinbeck makes the reader feel the same way as the workers when it comes to discrimanating. The reader is made to feel that Curley’s wife is a â€Å"tart†. Workers at the ranch have this impression: â€Å"I think Curleys married †¦a tart†. However, the workers are frightened to talk to her. Curley is known as a boxer and the workers know if they get involved with his wife, Curley will beat them up. The hasty marriage of Curley and his wife proves to be a failed attempt, on her part, to escape her own lonliness. From what we hear Curley’s wife married to spite her mother. However she discovers that her husband is not what she expects, â€Å"I don’t like Curley. He ain’t a nice fella†. It would appear at first that she likes Curley, as she wanders arround looking for him but it soon becomes clear that she is just looking for someone to share her feelings with. Curley’s wife describes her life on the ranch to Lennie as if it is no good: â€Å"I coulda made somethin’ of myself† . She uses her sexual image as a woman to get the mens’ attention just so she can talk to them. However, this does not usually work as most of the men are often to scared to talk to her. Although Curley’s wife looks and acts like a†tart† she is just craving attention and this is the only way she knows how to get it. At the end of the novel, her lonliness causes her to converse with Lennie in the barn where the irony is that when she finally gets someone to talk to, it leads to her death! Curley’s wife is the victim of sexism, she is lonely because she has no one to talk to as people are afraid to talk to her. Lennie suffers from discrimination because of his learning disability. The fact that they are both unequal brings them together in the barn. Lennie is there to bury his puppy and Curley’s wife is there to have a conversation. However in the end, Lennie’s disability causes her death: â€Å"don’t you go yellin† â€Å"he shook her and her body flopped like a fish†. The incident in the barn affects George, Lennie and Candy’s relation because Lennie has finally gone too far. When George knows he has to kill Lennie, then the dream dies with Lennie leaving George and Candy lonely. â€Å"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world.† In conclusion Stienbeck makes aware a serious problem leading to loneliness in 1930’s California through his novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men†.

Review Marine Science Essay

Describe the abyss and the food web of the abyss. * Immeasurably deep chasm, depth, or void. Explain the difference between the theories of Plate tectonics and Continental drift. * Continental drift: The movement, formation, or re-formation of continents described by the theory of plate tectonics. * Plate tectonics: A theory that explains the global distribution of geological phenomena such as seismicity, volcanism, continental drift, and mountain building in terms of the formation, destruction, movement, and interaction of the earth’s lithospheric plates. Describe the 3 types of color patterns commonly found in fish. * Counter shading – The dorsal or top of the fish is darker than the bottom of the fish, making them difficult to see as they blend into the darkness of the deeper water when viewed from above or blend into the brightness of sunlit waters when viewed from below. Many predators use this form of coloration. * Cryptic – Bottom dwelling and reef fish often use chromatophores to blend in perfectly with their surroundings. Often, these fish are bottom dwellers that blend in with the stratum they rest on. Disruptive – Many fish use their coloration to form strongly contrasting patterns that break up the outline of their body making it difficult for predators to see them at all. Describe divergent, convergent and transform plate boundaries and tell what each results in. * Divergent Plate Movement (plates move away from each other)- Continental and continental, oceanic and oceanic. * Convergent Plate Movement (plates move towards each other)- Continental and Oceanic, Oceanic and Oceanic, Continental and Continental. Transform Plate Movement (plates sliding past each other)- Continental and Continental Explain the difference in planetary alignment and tidal ranges for spring and neap tides. * Neap tides represent the smallest tidal range. This occurs when the sun and moon are at right angles, partially cancelling out their gravitational pull. This reduction in gravitational pull results in a tidal range that is 10 to 30 percent less than the mean tidal range. This occurs twice during the 28-day lunar cycle, when the moon is one-quarter full. Spring tides occur when the Earth, moon and sun are in syzygy and represent the largest tidal range. Syzygy is an astronomical term used to describe the alignment of three or more celestial bodies in a straight line. It is commonly used to refer to the alignment of the Earth, sun and moon. When this occurs, the gravitational pull of the moon and sun are combined, producing the largest tidal ranges. As with the neap tide, spring tides occur twice during a lunar cycle, but at the full and dark moon.

America and the Atomic Bomb essays

America and the Atomic Bomb essays When Albert Einstein wrote then-President Franklin D. Roosevelt a letter concerning the creation and use of the greatest bomb the world had ever seen, the Nobel Prize-winning scientist saw the bomb as a means to end the rising power of the Nazi's; however, when the bomb had been created and was awaiting deployment, I believe policy-makers saw the opportunity to kill two birds with one stone, or bomb in this case. With the dropping of the atomic bomb, the United States not only brought the war to an end, but also solidified its place as a supreme world power and made very clear to every other nation in the world, specifically Russia, the force with which America was prepared to use to maintain that power. In the days leading up to and following the dropping of the bombs, President Truman and his staff were readily prepared to defend the use of the weapon and explain the hopes for the future, but as every good history student knows, things aren't always as they seem. In pursuit of nothing less than unconditional surrender from Japan, and with the hopes of ending the war relatively soon, the United States had no choice but to drop the atomic bomb. And so on August 6th, 1945, the first atomic bomb was released on the city of Hiroshima, Japan killing thousands instantly and thousands more in the weeks to follow. Seen as a successful endeavor, just three days later another bomb was dropped onto Nagasaki, Japan and soon after the Japanese government surrendered unconditionally to the Allied Powers. It would appear as though the bombs were used effectively, with one goal in mind, the end of the war. The only alternative to releasing the special weapon was yet another amphibious assault on heavily protected beaches that would have cost thousands of soldiers' lives. The sea-to-shore assault would have been much more difficult in Japan than the attack on Normandy because of Japanese soldiers' collective commitment to fight to the death...

The Value of Information Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Value of Information - Assignment Example Managers are mostly faced by a were situation where they have to make decisions instantly; hence, it is mostly the case that decision making under uncertainty is mostly the case for decision makers. Imperfect information can largely be ignored in repetitive trials with small effects resulting from errors because the impacts are small, and the result from errors showing that the information could be the waist not for the errors. The other reason for ignoring imperfect information is the inability of the information to have much impact on the probabilities or chances for making the correct decision; hence, they can largely be ignored. The need for first-time success increases the demand for information as a measure of ensuring uncertainty is reduced in making the decision increasing the chances of making the correct decision. Availability of information for decision-making increases the possibility of first-time success by ensuring the decision maker knows the odds between making the correct and wrong decision. To augment the chances of first-time success, the demand for information increases to ensure the ability to make correct decision increases. The demand for information incr eases in first-time success owing to lack of previous data and the high uncertainty associated with first-time success owing to no proven record of accomplishment for decision making. In one-shot large potential loss situations, the information that is commonly available is the payoffs that the decision maker expects to get from a given decision from the highest to the lowest pay off accompanying any.

To what extent did the Second World War transform European societies Essay

To what extent did the Second World War transform European societies - Essay Example death kind of ending to the World War II with the atomic bombs exploding in Japan and large scale death and destruction in Europe became a great resentment for every one. The impact of the violence was never lost in that generation of people who saw death and destruction like never before. This led to the formation of United Nations on one end and on the other; there was a strong support in the social front of every nation to be out of the violence (Giddens, A. 1985). Military was slowly and steadily weaned away from the ruling community over a period of time. It happened in all major countries who were involved in the war. Though immediately after the war, the war heroes were honoured and they were dominating in the political sphere too. But soon, military lost its ground with respect to the political power and clout that they wielded. This was seen as a victory for the peace loving society at large. Many social practices were influenced by the World War II. Ideologies could not hold ground because of the violence that they were seen to breed (Hobsbawm, E. 2002). Fascism found its natural death after the huge violence that its practices preached. While large scale political changes were in the offing with the increasing effect of communism and labour right movements across the world. The class divide was coming down. Though there was large scale dissatisfaction on many of the practising ideologies, people realised the importance of non-violent protests. Never again, could there be another French revolution with large scale blood letting. Now, people could find themselves raising protests in a more democratic way though violence did and continues to show its head either as a terrorist attack or during a protest march turning itself into riots. The tendency to rope in peace in the continent was wide spread. Most people wanted peace more than anything else. But still there was the nostalgic feeling of war and the glory that victory brings. This feeling is like the